Purpose: The present study aims to identify and explain the futures of Iranian provinces in the Competition for the development of NBIC technological convergence (synergy between nanotechnology, biotechnology, information technology and cognitive sciences) with a focus on Yazd province. Method: This research, which has been conducted with a qualitative and descriptive approach, is classified as an exploratory futures-study. In this way, the relevant research records were first reviewed to compile a list of drivers in the development of convergent technologies. The list was then refined and prioritized to identify two key drivers, with the Delphi process attended by fourteen experts. By intersecting the uncertainties of these two drivers, four scenarios of the province's future in technological convergence Competition emerged. Findings: The two key drivers affecting the success of the province in the Competition for convergent technologies are: the rate of development of the innovation ecosystem and the amount of financial resources allocated to this process. Based on this, four scenarios of the future situation of the province in this field were identified, which have been named as "Vanguard", "Buyer", "Remnant" and "Hired". Conclusion: In order for the provinces to be able to succeed in the forthcoming Competitions in the production and operation of convergent technologies, it is necessary to plan for strengthening the ecosystem infrastructure from now; at the same time, it is necessary to make efficient efforts to provide sufficient financial resources for the research and commercialization of these technologies.

Background and Objectives: Many competitive models have been developed from simple to multidimensional in order to estimate the Competition of trees in forest stands. All of them are measured to show the interaction between trees, and the purpose of these indices is to evaluate the competitive tension according to the interactions between trees. These indices are generally based on the morphological characteristics of trees or a function of the distance of the neighborhood of trees. The individual Competition of trees evaluate using Competition indices is based on mathematical techniques, which indicate the degree of Competition that the tree is affected by its neighbors. This result is often assumed to be the negative effects of the neighborhood on the growth of trees to absorb limiting resources.Materials and Methods: Distance-independent Competition indices are usually considered as tree size ratios (such as dbh, height, basal area, or canopy cover) to show the competitiveness of that species. In distance-dependent indices, the dimensions of neighboring trees and their distance from each other are used. In order to calculate the competitive indices including distance-independent Competition index (IDI), distance-dependent Competition index by diameter (DDIdbh), and distance-dependent Competition index by height (DDIh), the parameters of diameter and the total height of all trees were measured in sample plots (one-hectare area) in four stands of poplar plantation in Gilan province. The distance of the trees was also measured. Then, in order to calculate the wood density and use its value in the distance-independent Competition index, 15 trees were randomly selected in different diameter classes in each plot and were cut to perform the wood density analysis, and the process of calculating the density was carried out.Results: The results showed that the stands had significant competitive conditions in terms of both types of indices. All stands had a significant difference (p ≥ 0.05) in terms of the independent distance index. However, the comparison of the distance-dependent index for tree diameter showed that stand 3 has a significant difference from other stands, and 1, 3, and 4 stands also had significant differences (p ≥ 0.05). The comparison of the distance Competition index for tree height also showed that stands 1 and 2 had no difference but showed a significant difference with stands 3 and 4 (p ≥ 0.05).Conclusion: Calculating all types of Competition indices can be useful in silvicultural programs such as thinning. The results of such studies can provide a clear understanding of the spatial structure of trees.

Competition law is a newcomer to the legal system recently. A sound understanding of Competition policy can provide us with sufficient bases to apply a fundamental and normative view of the issues of Competition law. The difference in supervision and regulation determines how the market functions and in order to understand this difference one must understand Competition policy. Competition policy may be based on governmental support for national production and industry or on a non-interventional and regulatory posture. Moreover, supervision, based on the principle of non-intervention in the market mechanism, is rooted in liberal ideas; however, regulation, whether as a rule or an exception, is based on the assertion that the market has been ineffective in attaining its goals. Therefore, the government will resort to interventions to regulate inefficiencies.  This paper aims to analyze Supervisory Authority in Implementing Competitive Policy by employing the description method. In this article the author tries to first delineate Competition policy, its related requirements and imposed deviations to the market. Then, by defining the supervisory entity and clarifying its distinction from the regulatory institutions, the author considers the characteristics of an appropriate supervisory entity conducting a comparative study of this issue in Iran and the U.S.A. This form of Competition policy because of its applicable experiences which have been well described by recent scholarship is considered suitable for the native system.

An experiment was conducted to determine the best index for predicting wheat yield loss at the beginning and end of the growth season, estimation of quantity and portion of any of the weeds in interference with wheat, conducted in the research agriculture station in Islamic Azad university of Ghaemshahr in 2002. For this purpose, dimension of field 24*35 meter was chosen. In this area, four strips with 35 meters long with 6 meters wide was chosen, equal to the position - sprayer. Then each strip was accidentally allocated to one of the f91l6wmgtreatments: Un controlling the weeds, controlling the narrow leaves weeds, controlling the wide leaves weeds, and controlling all of the weeds with using the suitable herbicides. Any strip was divided to two sections in lengthwise; in first section, density, leaf area and dry weight of wheat and weeds measured at the beginning of the season while in the second section these variables were measured during the harvest. The results show that at the beginning of the growth season, the best index to predict the wheat yield is wheat and weed relative leaf area, while at the end of the season it is for the leaves weight. The model which was used to explain the Intra-species and inter-species Competition was based on the wheat grain weight reciprocal law. The model evaluation about independent variables of four species including Triticum aestivum, phalaris sp., Descurainia sophia and veronica persica at the beginning of the growth season showed that phalaris sp. could meaninglessly increase wheat growth and yield. More over, partial coefficient detennination was used to review the portion of any ariables (species). Among the wide leaf weeds, the most inhibition was allocated to the Descurainia sophia and the portion of the inter-species Competition for reduce wheat yield was more than wheat intra species Competition.

The city of Tehran, based on the 1404 document and the comprehensive plan approved in 2007, is a global, sustainable and coherent city with a structure suitable for leisure and leisure as well as a well-informed urban community with appropriate infrastructure. In order to achieve such a definition, the mentioned documents include promotion of the role and position of Tehran in transnational, national and regional levels, economic development and prosperity of the city of Tehran, improvement of communication networks, environmental protection, active restitution and conservation of natural heritage, Historical and cultural city of Tehran, and the development of green spaces, public spaces, recreation and tourism are predicted. One of the most important areas that can be used to operate the above strategies is the urban tourism area in the Tehran metropolis. Therefore, the issue of Competition in urban tourism is an important factor in the progress of all cities of the country in competing with each other and, as a result of the prosperity and prosperity of the country at the national level, and then in Competition with neighboring countries and globally, will make rapid progress and attract much capital to the country. The main objective of the research is to study the political geography of Competition in urban tourism. Seeking to reach the goal of this article, the statistical population of the study is the provinces of Iran, which Tehran province has selected as a case study. In line with the aim of the study, data related to tourist attractions were collected using the Statistical Yearbook of the provinces (Tourism Organization, Cultural Heritage, Governorchr('39')s Office in 1395) and then TOPSIS and ARC map software were used to map the provinces.

In this study, the aim is to investigate the rate of Competition and monopoly in the manufacturing industries during 1996-2008 by using non-structural model and Lerner index based on parametric approach. The results indicate that the value of concentration index of the most of industries varies between 0.30 to 0.50 implying effective monopoly structure and the gap between price and marginal cost. Also, "Manufacture of coke" and "Manufacture of motor vehicles" by Lerner index of 0.62 and 0.25 have highest and lowest monopoly degree, respectively. Assessment of the trend of industry's Lerner index represents the improvement of the Competition conditions the period while the gap between the price and marginal cost is at a relatively high level.

Political Competition is one of the important factors in the improving society economic performance; the growth of political Competition increases the possibility of the presence of elites in the political system and by limiting political rents and dominating special groups over economic resources, forces politicians to adjust economic policies to increase citizen’ s welfare. Accordingly, it is argued that increasing political Competition improves economic efficiency. Such an approach has attracted government attention to the development of political Competition. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relative position of the country's provinces in terms of political Competition indicator and also to examine its changes at the provincial level to evaluate the status of political Competition indicator as an important component in the regional economy performance. The hypothesis of research is that, firstly, there is a considerable dispersion among different regions in terms of political Competition, and secondly, the performance of this type of Competition in the country has not been as expected. In this regard, first, based on different indicators of political Competition, a comprehensive index of political Competition based on the Root Mean Square method is introduced and measured. Then, the status of the political Competition index in the provinces during the years 2000 to 2019 will be evaluated. The estimation results show that firstly, there is a considerable dispersion among different regions in terms of political Competition index so that the country provinces can be divided to three levels of political Competition as low, medium and high. Secondly, the average trend of political Competition index is generally declining in the provinces of the country in the 20-year period, whereby it is necessary to create the necessary policies for growth of political Competition at the national and regional levels, given the role of political actors in regional performance.

Background and objectives: Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS) is the most common mononeuropathy encountered in clinical practice. Conventional electro diagnosis studies have been useful in the diagnosis of this condition. The Terminal Latency index (TLI) is a derived neurophysiological value that adjusts the Distal motor Latency (DL) for the terminal distance and motor nerve Conduction Velocity (CV).Several studies have suggested utility of the median TLI for diagnosis of CTS.The goal of this study is to evaluate prospectively the sensitivity of the median TLI in the diagnosis of CTS and compare it with other electrodiagnosis techniques.Material and Methods: This study was done on 111 patients as CTS group & 62 healthy subject as control group. In all groups five selected tests of electrodiagnosis were done and all of them were compared with TLI sensitivity.Results: The mean TLI was 0.3±0.05 in the CTS group and 0.42±0.03 in the control group. The sensitivity of TLI was 73% The TLI wasn't statistically better than the other tests, but in three cases from the CTS group, the TLI was the only abnormal test.The 7 and 14 cm method had meaningful sensitivity in contrary to other tests.Conclusion: The sensitivity of TLI has no meaningful difference with other routine electro diagnostic tests in diagnosis of CTS.The median TLI is a useful but not more sensitive electrodiagnostic test for CTS.